SYMBOLISM
Symbolism's general meaning is the use of various symbols which have different meanings and symbolize different components.Symbolism in art was born as a reaction againist naturalism and parnassism in France and Belgium in the late 19th century. Later, the movement spread to Russia, especially with the help of Valéry Brioussov.
"A symbolist work of art is characterized by an artist's desire to represent ideas and a manipulation of colour, form and composition that signals the artist's relative indifference to worldly appearences."
SYMBOLISM IN POETRY
"In Paris, in 1857, Charles Baudelaire, a poet heavily influenced by the writings of Edgar Allen Poe, published a collection of work titled Les Fleurs du Mal (The Flowers of Evil). Because six of the poems were deemed to be obscene and unfit to be published in France, the book was censored by the authorities. The poet and his publisher were fined and prosecuted for "an affront to human decency" and the first printing sold out immediately.Baudelaire and several poets close to him were accused of “dandyism” by the press and labeled "decadent" due to their insistence on portraying subjects such as lesbianism, Satanism, death and drug addiction. Objecting to these charges, the poets began calling themselves "Symbolists".
Despite the prominence of Baudelaire, it is difficult to fix a date for the origins of Symbolism. Gerard de Nerval, a poet included in most Symbolist anthologies, committed suicide in 1855 – two years before the publication of Les Fleurs. And the movement itself was not defined as such until 1886 when Jean Moreas published the Symbolist Manifesto in Le Figaro. By the time Arthur Symons produced The Symbolist Movement in Literature in England in 1899, introducing many of these poets to an English-speaking audience for the first time, the influence of the school was already widespread in Europe. In fact, it had already declined and other literary movements lay claim to many of the tenets and practices of the poets and writers who marched under the Symbolist banner.
Many Symbolist poets – including Paul Valery and Stephan Mallarme – expressed their admiration for Parnassianism, the Romantic literary movement that preceded Symbolism, and for what Theophile Gautier called "art for arts sake". They published their early works in the Parnassian anthologies and, while rejecting the clarity and objectivity of that school, they kept its love of musicality and its ironic nature.
It is important to note, however, that one poet – Arthur Rimbaud -- publicly mocked the Parnassians and wrote scatalogical parodies of their verse."
SYMBOLISM IN THEATRE
"The characteristic emphasis on an internal life of dreams and fantasies have made symbolist theatre difficult to reconcile with more recent trends. Auguste Villiers de l'Isle-Adam's drama Axël (rev. ed. 1890) is a definitive symbolist play. In it, two Rosicrucian aristocrats become enamored of each other while trying to kill each other, only to agree to commit suicide mutually because nothing in life could equal their fantasies. From this play, Edmund Wilson adopted the title Axel's Castle for his influential study of the symbolist literary aftermath.Maurice Maeterlinck, also a symbolist playwright, wrote The Blind (1890), The Intruder (1890), Interior (1891), Pelléas and Mélisande (1892), and The Blue Bird (1908).
The later works of the Russian playwright Anton Chekhov have been identified[by whom?] as being much influenced by symbolist pessimism. Both Constantin Stanislavski and Vsevolod Meyerhold experimented with symbolist modes of staging in their theatrical endeavors.
Drama by symbolist authors formed an important part of the repertoire of the Théâtre de l'Œuvre and the Théâtre des Arts."
SYMBOLISM IN MUSIC
"Symbolism had some influence on music as well. Many symbolist writers and critics were early enthusiasts of the music of Richard Wagner, a fellow student of Schopenhauer.The symbolist aesthetic affected the works of Claude Debussy. His choices of libretti, texts, and themes come almost exclusively from the symbolist canon. Compositions such as his settings of Cinq poèmes de Baudelaire, various art songs on poems by Verlaine, the opera Pelléas et Mélisande with a libretto by Maurice Maeterlinck, and his unfinished sketches that illustrate two Poe stories, The Devil in the Belfry and The Fall of the House of Usher, all indicate that Debussy was profoundly influenced by symbolist themes and tastes. His best known work, the Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune, was inspired by Mallarmé's poem, L'après-midi d'un faune.
The symbolist aesthetic also influenced Aleksandr Scriabin's compositions. Arnold Schoenberg's Pierrot Lunaire takes its text from German translations of the symbolist poems by Albert Giraud, showing an association between German expressionism and symbolism. Richard Strauss's 1905 opera Salomé, based on the play by Oscar Wilde, uses a subject frequently depicted by symbolist artists."
SYMBOLISM IN VISUAL ARTS
"Symbolism in literature is distinct from symbolism in art although the two were similar in many respects. In painting, symbolism was a continuation of some mystical tendencies in the Romantic tradition, which included such artists as Caspar David Friedrich, Fernand Khnopff and John Henry Fuseli and it was even more similar to the self-consciously morbid and private decadent movement.There were several rather dissimilar groups of Symbolist painters and visual artists, which included Gustave Moreau, Gustav Klimt, Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis, Odilon Redon, Pierre Puvis de Chavannes, Henri Fantin-Latour, Gaston Bussière (painter), Edvard Munch, Félicien Rops, and Jan Toorop. Symbolism in painting was even more widespread geographically than symbolism in poetry, affecting Mikhail Vrubel, Nicholas Roerich, Victor Borisov-Musatov, Martiros Saryan, Mikhail Nesterov, Leon Bakst, Elena Gorokhova in Russia, as well as Frida Kahlo in Mexico, Elihu Vedder, Remedios Varo, Morris Graves and David Chetlahe Paladin in the United States. Auguste Rodin is sometimes considered a symbolist sculptor.
The symbolist painters used mythological and dream imagery. The symbols used by symbolism are not the familiar emblems of mainstream iconography but intensely personal, private, obscure and ambiguous references. More a philosophy than an actual style of art, symbolism in painting influenced the contemporary Art Nouveau style and Les Nabis."
SYMBOLISM IN ARCHITECTURE
" Symbolic architecture is an architectures that utilizes symbol manipulations in a fixed manner to represent its processing.The advantages of symbolic architectures are:-much of human knowledge is symbolic, so encoding it in a computer is more straight-forward
-how the architecture reasons may be analogous to how humans do, making it easier for humans to understand
-they maybe made computationally complete (e.g. Turing Machines)"
EXAMPLES:
Bahai Temple in India
Here is one of the most beautiful examples in symbolist architecture. The temple was built in the shape of lotus which symbolizes the best human ideals and concepts: purity, enlightenment, the human heart, the sun, creation, divine birth or rebirth, knowledge and cosmic harmony in many countries.
Cybertecture Egg in India, Designed by James Law Cybertecture International
An egg is the symbol of birth, life and imminent development, and it has been used here as the basis to create a revolutionary Indian office environment. Located in the burgeoning and rapidly changing Mumbai, this egg achieves much with an intelligent water filtration system, a renewable power system of photovoltaic’s and wind turbines, and a health system in the bathrooms to track user’s blood pressure and weight. Designed by James Law Cybertecture International, they claim that the shape is even sustainable as it reduces building surface area, therefore reducing temperature loss-gain. We will see a lot more of this in India.
Torre Bicentenario in Mexico City
Dutch uber-firm OMA, headed by Rem Koolhaas, has created this concept in Mexico City to symbolize the coming two hundred years of Mexico’s independence. There are many layers of symbolism in this building, from Mayan pyramids to which part of the building controls the park and which part controls the city, to the fact that the bulge of the building is below the centre height, and that it all happens on a relatively small footprint. Most of all, in this building there is a barely contained energy that seems near to release and it may be that this is what Torre Bicentenario represents.
Canadian Museum of Civilization
The public wing, fronted by the huge glazed Grand Hall, is emblematic of the great wall of the melting glacier itself. The copper roof vaults will eventually turn green, and represent the eskers and drumlins of gravel and glacial till as vegetation recolonized the land. Finally, the parkland between, and before, the two halves of the building depicts the plains over which mankind migrated millennia ago. All this seems an immensely appropriate symbolic starting-point for the story of the Canadian peoples since their coming to the "New World", told inside the museum.
REFERENCES:
http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/exhibitions/cmc/architecture/tour15e.shtml
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